Braden

Title:
The Perfect Shot

Question:
Can shooting a soccer ball with different angles of the foot affect the shot?

Introduction:
Hi I am Evan Andrews, and I am Braden Schuler, and this is our science project. Did you know that if you put your foot at a certain angle when shooting a soccer ball, it will affect your shot? Did you know that a soccer ball has 60 vertices, and 32 faces? Do you have any questions about our project?

Evans hypothesis: It will make a little difference, but it won't effect it a whole bunch.
Braden's hypothesis: The ball will get the same amount of accuracy, but we will have to hit the ball harder and put some spin on the ball.

Material:
=== 2 boards need to be 3/4 x 2 1/2 x 31 in. these boards will be your board A. 1 board needs to be 1 1/2 x 5 1/2 x 13 1/2 in. this will be your board B. 1 board needs to be 1/2 x 1/2 x 26 in. this will be your board C. Two 2 inch nails. Four 2 inch screws. A board that is 7 in. x 2 1/2 in. x 1 in. this will be your board D. Size 10 1/2 shoe. A 3 x 1/4 inch Anchor Bolt. A 1/4 in. x 1 in. Finder Washer. A 1/4/20 Wing Nut. A 1/2 inch x 18 inch Wood Dow Rod. ===

Method and Procedures:
Steps to build our mechanism to do our experiment: 1. Cut all boards to right size. 2 boards need to be 3/4 x 2 1/2 x 31 in. these boards will be your board A. 1 board needs to be 1 1/2 x 5 1/2 x 13 1/2 in. this will be your board B. 1 board needs to be 1/2 x 1/2 x 26 in. this will be your board C. 2. We drilled three holes using a 1/8 of an inch drill bit, about and inch from the bottom. 3 . Then put a 2 inch nail in the middle hole, and put one 2 inch screw in the other holes. 4. Drill a 9/16 inch hole 22 3/4 inches from the bottom of both board A's. Drill a 9/16 inch hole 17 7/8 inches from the bottom of board C. 5. Make sure that those holes all line up. Board C will be about 1 1/2 inch from the bottom when we put the shoe and board on. 6. Now you will need a board that is 7 in. x 2 1/2 in. x 1 in. this will be your board D. 7. Drill a hole about 5 3/8 inches from one side of board D, using a 5/16 inch drill bit. 8. Get your size 10 1/2 shoe and drill a 5/16 hole about 3 7/8 inches from the heel of the shoe. 9. Then drill a hole on the bottom of board C. Make sure that this hole is in the center. Drill this hole using a 5/16 inch drill bit. This hole should be about 1 1/2 inches deep. 10. Take a 3 x 1/4 inch Anchor Bolt and screw it in with a wrench. This should go in the hole that we drilled in step nine. 11. There should be about an inch and a half sticking out. Use that to stick through the hole in board D. Put board D in the shoe first before you do that though. Stick it through the hole then stick it through the hole in the shoe too. There should be about 1/4 inch of the Anchor bolt sticking out of the bottom of the shoe. 12. Then take a 1/4 in. x 1 in. Finder Washer and put it on the end of the Anchor Bolt. The take a 1/4/20 Wing Nut and screw it on the end of the Anchor Bolt as tight as you can get it. 13. Take a 1/2 inch x 18 inch Wood Dow Rod and stick through the holes the we drilled in both board A's board B in step four. If they all line up then you are finished.

Steps to doing our experiment:
1. Set up a goal. 2. Put cone signaling 2/3rds of the goal mark. 3. Set up ball kicker. 4. Place ball in front of shoe. 5. Twist shoe to angle that is needed. 6. Pull shoe back. 7. Release shoe, allowing shoe to hit ball. 8. Watch and see if ball goes into area where it's supposed to go. 9.

Conclusion:
In shooting a soccer ball, having the foot at five different angles, we got our results. The 0º angle was a miss. The 45º angle was a miss. the 90º angle was a miss, but was the closest to scoring than any other miss. 135º angle was a make. and the 190º angle was a miss. So your best bet at scoring is to have your foot at a 135º angle.

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Whenever a ball comes into contact with a surface that has friction, the ball's parallel velocity is changed and a torque is applied to the ball by the off-center force. When the foot comes into contact with the ball, the upward and forward swing of the leg’s stroke gives the ball topspin. Once a foot impacts with the ball, the reaction force from the collision will cause the ball to spin in a reverse direction.=====

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Another factor that can be taken into account when thinking about giving the ball maximum spin and velocity is the coefficient of friction. The equation f = mN where f is the frictional force which is equal to N, the normal force the foot exerts on the ball, and m is the coefficient of friction, is key in helping us determine how much of the foot should come into contact with the ball to give it the most spin. The more friction there is between the foot and the ball, the less the ball will spin after a kick. The coefficient of friction will tell us how quickly the ball will travel through the air. As the ball gains speed, the spin of the ball will also increase. We can see from this equation that an increase in coefficient of friction gives the ball less spin. To get the most spin out of the ball, the ball must be kicked slightly away from its center of gravity, giving less time for the foot to come into contact with the ball, producing more power exerted on one centralized area of the ball, and therefore increasing the overall spin and velocity of the ball. This is one of the factors that causes a kicked ball to curve in the air. When kicking a ball straight on so that the foot hits the balls center of gravity, the ball will go straight. =====

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Some other factors that must be taken into account when kicking a ball is the pressure on the ball, the initial velocity of the ball, and the speed of the foot as it kicks the ball. The way the human body moves, however, is not very predictable so the force of the leg as it swings towards the ball is a variable factor. The kicking that is discussed here takes into account that the ball is at rest when it is kicked.=====

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Suppose you want to kick the ball so that it immediately starts rolling without slipping. How could you do this? You would give the ball “topspin” by striking the ball a distance above an imaginary horizontal line that passes through the ball’s center. Where should you kick the ball in order to do this? The answer works out to be s=0.4R. You would have to kick the ball a little less than half the radius of the ball above its center line.======

Reference:
"AERODYNAMICS of SOCCER."//The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill//. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2010.  By: Herbst, Dan. > Universe Publishing > 1999
 * **Soccer: How to Play the Game: The Official Playing and Coaching Manual of the United States Soccer Federation**

By: Bauer, Gerhard. Sterling Publishing (Ny) 1993
 * Soccer Techniques, Tactics & Teamwork